標準臨床検査学シリーズ（医学書院）
基礎医学ー人体の構造と機能ーが刊行されました。
第17章にヒトに発生について簡単な総説を執筆させていただきました。
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藤岡さんの修士論文「軟骨最表層の構造について」がOsteoarthritis Cartilageに掲載されました。 
7. Fujioka R, Aoyama T, Takakuwa T, The layered structure of the articular surface, Osteoarthritis Cartilage, 2013, 21, 1092-1098 doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.04.021 SummaryObjectiveArticular cartilage is roughly separated into three areas: the tangential, middle, and deep zones. The structure and molecular components of an additional important zone, the most superficial zone (MSZ), which directly faces the joint cavity, have yet to be conclusively elucidated. The purpose of the present study was to use multiple methods to study the MSZ in order to determine its structure. Materials and methodsKnees from 16 pigs (age, 6 months) were used. Full-thickness cartilage specimens were harvested from the femoral groove. The MSZ was observed using light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in combination with histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. ResultsThe combined findings from the three different observational methods indicate that the MSZ is subdivided into three layers. Among these three layers, collagen subtypes I, II, and III are present in the innermost (third) layer of the MSZ. Beneath the third layer, type II collagen is the predominant type, with small amounts of type III collagen. This layer beneath the third layer is considered to be the tangential layer. ConclusionsOur observations indicate that the MSZ is subdivided into three layers. Further analysis of the molecular components in each layer may improve our understanding of the structure of the articular surface.
2012年3月に出版しましたthe Human Embryo内のreview, ”Developmental Anatomy of the Human Embryo – 3D-Imaging and Analytical Techniques” ー３次元イメージ解析技術を応用したヒト胚子発生解剖ーのダウンロード回数が１年間で1500を超えました。アメリカ、インド、中国、イタリア等多くの国々からアクセスが有り、月100以上のダウンロードがありました。私たちの研究活動が世界に発信できることは喜ばしいことです。
 白石くんの修士論文”Morphogenesis of lateral choroid plexus during human embryonic period” -ヒト胚子期における側脳室脈絡叢の形態、組織学的研究-がAnatomical Recordに掲載されました。
 6. Shiraishi N, Nakashima T, Yamada S, Uwabe C, Kose K, Takakuwa T, Morphogenesis of lateral choroid plexus during human embryonic period, Anat Rec (Hoboken). 2013 Apr;296(4):692-700. doi: 10.1002/ar.22662 AbstractThe morphological and histological changes of the choroid plexus (CP) during Carnegie stage (CS) 18 and CS23 were presented, based on magnetic resonance imaging data and histological serial section of human embryos from the Kyoto Collection of Human Embryos. The primordium of the CP was initially detected as a small lump at CS19 that grew caudally, so that the CP became crescent shaped. It developed in all directions after CS21, as the dorsal and frontal growth also became prominent. The CP formed a number of undulating surfaces at CS20, irregular bulges at CS21, and then three large clusters with two deep fissures on the caudal surface at CS23. The mean volume of the CP was 0.282±0.141 mm3 at CS19; it reached 16.8±8.77 mm3 at CS23. Additionally, the histology was different depending on the regions of the CP at all stages after CS20. The epithelium and angioblasts in the center of the stroma were proliferated in the proximal region, whereas the epithelium was differentiated and lobulated in the distal region where the blood vascular system was organized. The histological differentiation was mapped on the CP reconstructed from histological serial sections. The data suggested the correlation between morphological information obtained from magnetic resonance data sets and distribution of the differentiation. With the help of morphological analysis and histological findings, we have been able to categorize each CP into specific stages. These findings will be useful in clinical evaluation of development during the embryonic period. ヒトの肝臓の形態形成についての論文 (Hirose et al) がAnatomical Recordsの Highlights記事で紹介されました.  AR Highlights Embryonic Liver Morphology and Morphometry by Magnetic Resonance Microscopic Imaging by Ayumi Hirose, Takashi Nakashima, Shigehito Yamada, Chigako Uwabe, Katsumi Kose, and Tetsuya Takakuwa. Anat Rec 295:51–59 The liver plays an important role in the development of organs in the prenatal period. However, morphological and morphometric features of the liver during the early embryonic period are not well understood. Recent advances in medical imaging have enabled earlier assessment of human development in the first trimester. The authors carried out external morphologic and morphometric analysis of the liver during this period using a superparallel magnetic resonance microscope to image embryos obtained from the Kyoto Collection. They determined the external morphology as well as quantitative morphometry of the embryonic liver. They also found that development of the liver was greatly affected by adjacent organs and tissues. The data from this study provide a better understanding of liver development as well as morphogenesis of nearby organs. The authors’ results could also be used as a reference for clinical evaluation in the early stage of gestation, and this could be useful in fetal medicine and prenatal diagnosis. The authors predict that further improvement in imaging modalities will enable more precise detection of the intrahepatic vascular system.  濱部さんの卒論がHepatol Resに掲載されました
5.Hamabe Y, Hirose A, Yamada S, Takakuwa T et al, Morphology and Morphometry of Fetal Liver at 16–26 Weeks of Gestation by Magnetic Resonance Imaging – Comparison with Embryonic Liver at Carnegie Stage 23, Hepatol Res,2013; 43: 639–647, doi: 10.1111/hepr.12000 AbstractAimNormal liver growth was described morphologically and morphometrically using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data of human fetuses, and compared with embryonic liver to establish a normal reference chart for clinical use. MethodsMRI images from 21 fetuses at 16–26 weeks of gestation and eight embryos at Carnegie stage (CS)23 were investigated in the present study. Using the image data, the morphology of the liver as well as its adjacent organs was extracted and reconstructed three-dimensionally. Morphometry of fetal liver growth was performed using simple regression analysis. ResultsThe fundamental morphology was similar in all cases of the fetal livers examined. The liver tended to grow along the transversal axis. The four lobes were clearly recognizable in the fetal liver but not in the embryonic liver. The length of the liver along the three axes, liver volume and four lobes correlated with the bodyweight (BW). The morphogenesis of the fetal liver on the dorsal and caudal sides was affected by the growth of the abdominal organs, such as the stomach, duodenum and spleen, and retroperitoneal organs, such as the right adrenal gland and right kidney. The main blood vessels such as inferior vena cava, portal vein and umbilical vein made a groove on the surface of the liver. Morphology of the fetal liver was different from that of the embryonic liver at CS23. ConclusionThe present data will be useful for evaluating the development of the fetal liver and the adjacent organs that affect its morphology.  3Dプリンタとは、通常の紙に平面的に印刷するプリンタに対して、3D CAD、3D CGデータを元に立体を造形する立体プリンタのことです。従来の方法としては、コンピュータ上で作った3Dデータを設計図として、液状の樹脂に紫外線などの光を照射し、少しずつプラスチックを硬化させることで 立体物を作るのが一般的でした。これに対して25年程前から「積層造形」という方法が開発され、3Dプリンタ−が低価格で供給されるようになってきました。 「積層造形」では、1mm以下の薄い樹脂や石膏などの材料を少しずつ積み重ねて立体模型を作るという方法です。ひも状のものを作ってぐるぐると輪を作って積み重ねて行く手法は縄文土器や焼き物の手びねりと共通のものがあります。データさえあれば”金型なしで”3Dプリンタが模型を自動で作ってくれます。その手軽さから、工業分野から医療、歯科、玩具、アートまで広く応用されつつあります。最近では、10万円前後の商品もあり、家庭でも購入できる価格帯になってきています。私たちは、MRIdataから3Dプリンタを用いて立体像の作成を行っています。  コンピュターグラフィックスは進歩し、display上で立体的にものをみることが可能になっていますが、実際にモデルを手に取ると、イメージと随分違ったり、新たな発見があったりします。3Dプリンタを用いた立体模型は、ヒト胚子の研究や教育への応用が期待できると考えられます。昔Zieglerらのモデルがヒト発生を体現したように、3Dプリンタを用いた立体模型は新たな伝道師となりうるのでしょうか。 4. Shiraishi N, Yamada S, Takakuwa T. Three-dimensional Models Once Again – for research and teaching of early human development, Congenit Anom (Kyoto), 2013; 53(1), 58-59, doi: 10.1002/ar.22662 The Human Embryo が InTechから出版されました。 先天異常標本解析センター山田重人先生の編集で高桑も協力させて頂きました。 ２つの章の執筆も行なっています。 Yamada S, Takakuwa T, Introduction: Overview of development in human embryos (ヒト胚子発生の概説） Yamada S, Takakuwa T et al,Developmental Anatomy of the Human Embryo: 3D-Imaging and Analytical Techniques (ヒト胚子の発生と解剖：3Dイメージングを用いた解析法) ISBN 978-953-51-0124-6, Hard cover, 180 pages
Publication date: March 2012 |
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