22年度卒業式が行われました。久しぶりの対面での開催でした。
おめでとうございます
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 第128回解剖学会で発表します (2023.3.18-20, 仙台, 現地開催)。 金橋先生の演題が、2022年度 第16回肉眼解剖トラベルアワード（献体協会賞）受賞しました!! 石田さんの演題が、学部学生優秀発表賞を受賞しました。!! 昨年度の岩佐さんに続いて2年連続の受賞です。 
 松成さんの卒業研究がAnat Recに掲載されました。 硬膜のような袋状の構造物は、組織形態学的手法では立体的な形状がとらえにくかったのですが、MRI等の立体情報の活用により可能になりました。
59. Matsunari C, Kanahashi T, Otani H, Imai H, Yamada S, Okada T, Takakuwa T. Tentorium cerebelli formation during human embryonic and early fetal development. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023, 306(3), 515-526 AbstractThe morphologies of the fetal tentorium cerebelli (TC) and brain influence each other during development. This study aimed to analyze and more comprehensively understand the three-dimensional morphogenesis of the TC and fetal brain. We examined magnetic resonance imaging from 64 embryonic and fetal specimens (crown-rump length range, 9.2–225 mm). During the embryonic period, the lateral folds of the TC elongated to traverse the middle part of the midbrain. The TC and falx cerebri appeared separated, and no invaginations at the parieto-occipital region were observed. In the early fetal period, the cerebrum covered approximately half of the midbrain. The separation of the dural limiting layer at the parieto-occipital region widened from the posterior cerebrum to the cranial cerebellum. The lateral folds of the TC were spread between its tip, continuous with the falx cerebri, and its base plane, located between the midbrain and rostral hindbrain. Differences in the TC components’ growth directions gradually diminished as the cerebrum covered the midbrain. We observed rotation of the TC at its median section according to its growth, which ceased in the middle fetal period. The brainstem and cerebellum extended inferiorly via differential growth, with the cerebrum covering them superiorly. The morphology of the TC curved to conform to the cerebellar and cerebral surfaces. Our present study suggests that factors affecting TC morphology differ between the early and middle fetal periods. Present data provided a more comprehensive view of TC formation according to developmental stage.  2022年度修士論文発表会が行われました (2/2-3, 第８講義室） 今年は、感染対策に留意しながら対面で行われました。聴衆を増え、日常を取り戻しつつあります。 Three-dimensional analysis of the umbilical vein and the ductus venosus at the human embryonic and early fetal stagesヒト胚子期・胎児期初期における臍帯静脈と静脈管の3次元的解析 磯谷 菜穂子 Morphogenesis of the pulmonary vein and the left atrial appendage in human embryos and early fetusesヒト胚子・胎児期初期における肺静脈・左心耳の形態形成 福井 成美    金橋先生の横隔膜形成についての論文がJ. Anat.に掲載されました。また雑誌表紙に採用されました。 この研究は、胚子期後期から胎児期初期のヒト横隔膜の形態形成および線維構造の質的評価をすることを目的とし、従来使用しているT1強調像に加えて、DTIを用いた高解像度MRI画像を導入して解析しました。
Kanahashi T, Imai H, Otani H, Yamada S, Yoneyama A, Takakuwa T. Three-dimensional morphogenesis of the human diaphragm during the late embryonic and early fetal period: Analysis using T1-weighted and diffusion tensor imaging. J Anat. 2023, 242, 174-190, DOI: 10.1111/joa.13760 Abstract  A precise understanding of human diaphragm development is essential in fetal medicine. To our knowledge, no previous study has attempted a three-dimensional (3-D) analysis and evaluation of diaphragmatic morphogenesis and development from the embryonic to the early fetal period. This study aimed to evaluate the morphogenesis and fibrous architecture of the developing human diaphragm during the late embryonic and early fetal periods. Fifty-seven human embryos and fetuses (crown-rump length [CRL] = 8–88 mm) preserved at the Congenital Anomaly Research Center of Kyoto University and Shimane University were analyzed. 3-D morphogenesis and fiber orientation of the diaphragm were assessed using phase-contrast X-ray computed tomography, T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (T1W MRI), and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). T1W MR images and DTI scans were obtained using a 7-T MR system. The diaphragm was completely closed at Carnegie stage (CS) 20 and gradually developed a dome-like shape. The diaphragm was already in contact with the heart and liver ventrally in the earliest CS16 specimen observed, and the adrenal glands dorsally at CS19 or later. In the fetal period, the diaphragm contacted the gastric fundus in samples with a CRL ≥41 mm, and the spleen in samples with a CRL ≥70 mm. The relative position of the diaphragm with reference to the vertebrae changed rapidly from CS16 to CS19. The most cranial point of the diaphragm was located between the 4th and 8th thoracic vertebrae, regardless of fetal growth, in samples with a CRL ≥16 mm. Diaphragmatic thickness was nearly uniform (0.15–0.2 mm) across samples with a CRL of 8 mm to 41 mm. The sternal, costal, lumbar parts, and the area surrounding the esophageal hiatus thickened with growth in samples with a CRL ≥46 mm. The thickness at the center of the diaphragm and the left and right hemidiaphragmatic domes did not increase with growth. Tractography showed that the fiber orientation of the sternal, costal, and lumbar parts became more distinct as growth progressed in CS19 or later. All fibers in the costal and lumbar regions ran toward the left and right hemidiaphragmatic domes, except for those running to the caval opening and esophageal hiatus. The fiber orientation patterns from the right and left crura surrounding the esophageal hiatus were classified into three types. Distinct fiber directions between the costal and sternal, and between the costal and lumbar diaphragmatic parts were observable in samples with a CRL ≥46 mm. Anterior costal and sternal fibers ran toward the center. Fiber tracts around the center and the left and right hemidiaphragmatic domes; between the costal and lumbar orientations; and between the costal and sternal orientations showed a tendency for decreasing fractional anisotropy values with fetal growth, and showed less density than other areas. In conclusion, we used 3-D thickness assessment and DTI tractography to identify qualitative changes in the muscular and tendonous regions of the diaphragm during the embryonic and early fetal periods. This study provides information on normal human diaphragm development for the progression of fetal medicine and furthering the understanding of congenital anomalies. Three-dimensional analysis of the umbilical vein and the ductus venosus at the human embryonic and early fetal stages  【背景】臍帯から心臓までの静脈系短絡路については、領域によって、発生機序や出生後の運命、隣接する器官や機能が異なることが知られている。これらの違いにより、この短絡路には領域ごとに形態学的、組織学的な違いがあることが予想される。本研究では、短絡路全体を俯瞰する総論的視点と、領域ごとに形態学的特徴を検討する各論的な視点の両面から各領域における形態・走行や血管壁の特徴を明らかにした。 67. Isotani N, Kanahashi T, Imai H, Yoneyama A, Yamada S, Takakuwa T. Regional differences in the umbilical vein and ductus venosus at different stages of normal human development. Anat Rec (Hoboken), 2024, 307, 3306-3326.DOI:10.1002/ar.25421 Morphogenesis of the pulmonary vein and the left atrial appendage in human embryos and early fetuses  【背景】左心房は心臓心底部の大部分を形成する。心底からは4 本の肺静脈が流入し、前面側には狭窄部を介して左心耳が接合している。発生4週目末頃、左心房後壁から総肺静脈が突出する。その後、総肺静脈と4本の肺静脈の近位部は拡張し、左心房壁に取り込まれ、最終的に4本の肺静脈が左心房から直接突出する。左心耳は原始左心房に由来し、発生4週目に形成される。成人の左心耳は 1~4 つの分葉構造を持ち、内部は櫛状筋によって櫛状構造になっている。肺静脈の取り込み完了時期は文献によって様々であり、左心耳の形態形成については成人例のみ報告されている。そこで、高解像度の画像データと 3 次元情報から肺静脈の取り込み過程と左心耳の発生について検討する。 【対象と方法】ヒト胚子標本計 24 例、ヒト胎児標本計20 例とした。位相 CT 撮像を行って取得した CT 画像と高解像度 MRI 撮像を行って取得した MR 画像上で、肺静脈を観察した。MR 画像をもとに心臓部分の立体像を再構築し、肺静脈と左心耳の形態学的観察と定量的評価を行った。 【結果】観察された肺静脈の本数は、CS17~18 で 1 本、CS18~21 で 2 本または 4 本、CS22以降で 3 本または 4 本であった。肺静脈が 2 本以上ある標本では、CRLの増加に伴い、 左右の肺静脈の距離が長くなり、左右の肺静脈間の左心房の厚みも増加した。上下の肺静脈間の距離は左右の肺静脈間の距離よりも近かった。肺静脈が 2 本の場合、肺静脈は背側から左心房内に流入し、肺静脈が 3 本または 4 本の場合、肺静脈は左心房へ背側の外側から内側へ接線方向に入り込んだ。肺静脈の断面積については、左上肺静脈が最も小さい傾向にあり、他の3 本の肺静脈は類似していた。形状は左上肺静脈が最も扁平であり，他の 3 つの肺静脈は類似していた。左心耳の最も厚みのある部分は中心付近であり、そこから放射状に薄くなった。左心耳の開口部は CRLの増加に伴い断面積が増大し、扁平化する傾向にあった。 【結論】肺静脈の取り込みは CS18 頃から始まり、CS18~22 で完了すると考えられる。左上肺静脈の近位部は他の 3 つの肺静脈より断面積は小さく、より扁平である。胚子期後期より、3 本または 4 本の肺静脈は外側より左心房に流入し、左右の肺静脈より上下の肺静脈間の距離のほうが近い。左心耳は中心付近が最も厚く、そこから放射状に薄くなっていく。左心耳の開口部は CRL に伴い断面積が増大し、扁平化する。 [Background] The left atrium (LA) forms the bulk of the cardiac fundus. Four pulmonary veins (PVs) flow from the fundus, and the left appendage (LAA) is joined to the anterior side via a stenosis. Toward the end of the fourth week of development, the common pulmonary vein (CPV) protrudes from the posterior wall of the LA. The CPV and the proximal portions of the four PVs dilate and are taken up by the LA wall, and finally, the four PVs protrude directly from the left atrium. The LAA originates from the primordial LA and forms during the fourth week of development. The adult LAA has one to four lobe-like structures, and the interior of the LAA has a comb-like structure created by pectinate muscles. The time of completion of the PV uptake into the LA wall has been controversial in previous studies, and morphogenesis of the LAA has been reported only in adult cases. We provided the data showing the PV uptake process and the LAA development based on high-resolution image data and three-dimensional information.[Materials & Methods] Twenty-four human embryos and twenty fetuses were selected for this study. The PV was observed on CT images obtained by phase CT imaging and MR images obtained by high-resolution MRI imaging. 3D images of the heart portion were reconstructed based on the MR images, and morphological observation and quantitative evaluation of the PVs and LAA were performed. [Results] The number of PV was one from CS 17 to CS 18, two or four from CS 18 to CS 21, and three or four after CS 22. In specimens with two or more PVs, the distance between the left and right PVs increased with CRL, as did the reconstruction of the LA thickness between the left and right-sided PV. The distance between the superior and inferior PVs was closer than between the left and right-sided PVs. When there were two PVs from CS18 to CS 21, they flowed into the LA from the dorsal side; when there were three or four PVs, they entered tangentially into the dorsal part of the LA from the lateral to medial direction. Regarding the cross-sectional area of the PV, the LSPV was the smallest, while the other three PVs were similar. In shape, the LSPV was the most flattened; the other three PVs were similar. The LAA thickness was thickest near the center, and it became radially thinner from there. The LAA orifice increased in area and tended to become more flattened with CRL. [Conclusion] The PV uptake is thought to begin around CS 18 and complete from CS 18 to CS 22. The proximal portion of the LSPV is smaller in cross-sectional area and circumference than the other three PVs and is more flattened. Four PVs enter tangentially into the dorsal part of the LA from the lateral to medial direction. And the distance between the superior and inferior PV is closer than between the left and right-sided PV. The LAA thickness is thickest near the center, and it becomes radially thinner from there. The LAA orifice is found to increase in area and become more flattened with CRL. 61. Fukui N, Kanahashi T, Matsubayashi J, Imai H, Yoneyama A, Otani H, Yamada S, Takakuwa T. Morphogenesis of the pulmonary vein and left atrial appendage in human embryos and early fetuses. J Anatomy 2023, in press, https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.13941 Three-dimensional imaging analysis of developmental process of posterior meniscofemoral ligament in rat embryo  【目的】膝関節の後半月大腿靭帯(pMFL)は、膝関節安定への寄与や円盤状外側半月板（DLM）との関連が報告されているが、健常な膝におけるその発生過程は調査されていない。本研究では二次元的な発生過程の観察に加えて三次元再構成像を用いた解析を行った。倫理的制約のため、ヒトと膝の構造が類似し、複数の胎仔を得られるラットを対象とした。本研究の目的はラット膝関節のpMFLの発生過程を三次元的に解析し、他の膝関節構成体との関係を検討することであった。 Objectives: The posterior meniscofemoral ligament (pMFL) of the knee joint has been reported to contribute to knee joint stability and to be associated with the discoid lateral meniscus (DLM); however, its developmental process in healthy knees has not been studied. In this study, we analyzed the developmental process using three-dimensional (3D) reconstructed images in addition to two-dimensional observations. Owing to ethical constraints, rats were selected for this study because of the advantage of their similar knee structure to humans and the availability of multiple fetuses. The purpose of this study was to analyze pMFL development in rat knee joints three-dimensionally and examine its relationship with other knee joint components. Ishida K, Ishikawa A, Yamada S, Takakuwa T, Aoyama T, Three-dimensional imaging analysis of the developmental process of posterior meniscofemoral ligaments in rat embryos. Cells Tissues Organs 2024, in press, DOI: 10.1159/000536108 卒業研究発表会が行われました (2022.12.27-28 第５講義室) 今年は、国家試験受験する学生は12月に発表を行うことになりました。医学科の先生から質疑応答をいただき、有意義な会になりました。 68. 生理的臍帯ヘルニア期のヒト中腸ループと腸間膜の経時的構造変化 石田七彩 67. 拡散テンソル画像を用いた水晶体線維細胞の配向性の検討 三ツ井梨真 66. MR 画像を用いたヒト胎児期における小脳形態形成の検討 吉永晴香     中井くんが第61回日臨技近畿支部医学検査学会、学生フォーラムで発表しました（2022.12.3.神戸）。テーマは「大学院生からみた臨床検査技師の未来」です。  |
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